PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART AND THEIR PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND DIAGNOSTIC OPPORTUNITIES

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a major public health challenge. This article provides an in-depth overview of the physiological functions of the heart and their pathological alterations. Modern diagnostic opportunities, including electrocardiography, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, biomarkers, and the application of artificial intelligence technologies in clinical practice, are discussed. The findings highlight the significance of studying cardiac function in detail for early diagnosis, prevention of severe outcomes, and improvement of treatment effectiveness.