IRRIGATION CHANNELS—WATER LOSS REDUCTION VIA LININGS AND ADVANCED MATERIALS

Abstract

This study investigates the mechanisms, scale, and engineering solutions for reducing water losses in irrigation channels through the application of traditional linings and the integration of advanced modern materials, with a particular focus on arid and semi-arid regions where inefficient conveyance remains one of the principal factors of agricultural water scarcity. Rapid population growth, climate-driven increases in evapotranspiration, and the intensification of irrigated agriculture have all intensified pressure on existing hydraulic infrastructure, making the modernization of canal systems a strategic imperative for enhancing water security. The research synthesizes empirical findings from hydrological experiments, long-term field observations, and laboratory evaluations of material properties and develops a comparative analysis of commonly used linings such as reinforced concrete, clay, and bituminous coatings against innovative solutions including geomembranes, geosynthetic clay liners, polymer-modified concretes, and nanocomposite sealants. The study further examines the hydraulic behavior of lined channels, seepage reduction efficiencies, structural durability, cost-effectiveness over the infrastructure lifecycle, and the environmental implications associated with each material group. Empirical data from multiple irrigation districts demonstrate that modern synthetic and composite materials can reduce seepage by 70–98%, compared to 40–80% achieved by traditional linings, while also significantly lowering maintenance costs and extending hydraulic efficiency over time. The findings highlight that optimal selection of lining materials must consider hydro-geological conditions, expected loading, channel geometry, groundwater interaction, and long-term operational constraints. A generalized decision-support framework is proposed to guide material selection for canal rehabilitation projects. Consequently, the study confirms that advanced materials, when appropriately engineered and installed, play a crucial role in modern irrigation management by reducing non-beneficial water losses, improving conveyance efficiency, and supporting sustainable agricultural productivity under increasing water stress.