CHRONIC ANEMIA: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND MANAGEMENT

Abstract

Chronic anemia refers to a prolonged reduction in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin levels, resulting in impaired oxygen delivery to tissues. It often occurs as a complication of chronic diseases such as autoimmune disorders, infections, malignancies, and kidney disease. The pathophysiology of chronic anemia can involve decreased red blood cell production, increased destruction, or chronic blood loss, with the most common forms being anemia of chronic disease (ACD), iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), and megaloblastic anemia. Diagnosis is typically made through laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), iron studies, and vitamin B12/folate levels. Management depends on the underlying cause and may include iron supplementation, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, vitamin replacement, or blood transfusions. Chronic anemia significantly affects patients' quality of life, underscoring the need for prompt diagnosis and targeted treatment.